Thursday, 14 November 2019

Book 3, Letter 13, Part 2 of 3. To Caesar on the Civil War





Hail Caesar,

Part 3 of your book begins with your first actions as Dictator in Rome. You were first elected as Consul, then you recalled from exile a few compatriots whom you considered to have been unfairly judged under an old law of Pompey.

Your next act as dictator was to abdicate the position.

I love this. My son told me a story recently about a peculiar piece of Catholic church history, regarding the forced election of a peasant to the position of Pope. His first and only act as supreme leader, was to pass a law making it possible for a Pope to resign from the position. He then quit.

This seems the mark of a good dictator, particularly in Rome which has a history of the office of dictator being granted upon individuals by the vote of free citizens. Absolute power doesn't seem to be your goal, at least not yet. When you were granted the dictatorship you used it to repeal a law you considered unjust, and then you returned authority to the Senate. Of course, this act must have also freed you from the obligation to remain in Rome, allowing you to take your army on the march again. Still, it seems like a good move.

A little later on, after crossing the sea with your army from Brundisium to Palaeste, you sent another message to Pompey:

Part 3. 10. “Both of us ought to stop being obstinate, disarm, and not tempt fortune further. We have both suffered enough damage to serve as a lesson and a warning, and make us fear the ills that still remain. You have been driven from Italy, you have lost Sicily, Sardinia and both the Spanish in provinces, and 130 cohorts of Roman citizens in Italy and Spain (about 65,00 men). I have suffered the death of Curio, the loss of the African army and the surrender of Antonius and his men at Corcyra Nigra. Let us therefore spare both ourselves and Rome; our own losses have given us enough proof of the power of fortune in war. This is the best time of all to discuss peace, while we are both confident and appear equally matched; but if fortune should favour one, only a little, the one who seems the better off will have nothing to do with terms of peace, nor will he be satisfied with an equal share, when he believes he can have everything. As for the conditions of peace, since we ourselves have been unable to reach a settlement up till now, we should ask the Senate and people at Rome to frame terms. Meanwhile, it should content the State and ourselves if we at once swear publicly to dismiss our armies within three days. When he have laid down our arms and the support on which we now rely, then we shall perforce be content with the decisions of the Senate and people. So that you can agree to this the more readily, I undertake to dismiss all my forces on land and in the various cities.”

But, Caesar, this attempt at negotiations failed as well. It seems that Pompey preferred the most unjust war, to any kind of just peace.

Part3. 18 “Once the flurry caused by Caesar's sudden arrival had subsided, Vibullius, as soon as appeared practicable, called in Libo and Lucceius and Theophanes, Pompey's principal confidential advisers, and began to discuss Caesar's proposals. He had barely started when Pompey interrupted and forbade him to say any more. 'What do I want,' he said, 'with life or citizenship which I shall appear to possess by Caesar's good grace? And that will be the ineradicable impression, if people think that I have been brought back to Italy, which I left voluntarily.' Caesar learned of this after the end of the war from persons who were present at the conversation. None the less he went on trying by other means to have conferences to discuss peace.”

Caesar, it has been said that your truce offerings to Pompey were made with the full knowledge that Pompey would refuse them, and that you did in fact make such stipulations as you knew would absolutely lead to war. Considering this, your magnanimous gestures look like any other political manoeuvre. Everything in your book, Caesar, is double-speak, and I must remember this at all times.

There's nothing civil about civil war.

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